What Life is Like Living With Depression and Anxiety - Free Essay Example

As many years go by, depression and anxiety have truly reached the surface than it did back in the 1950s. We are all so exposed to a whole lot more in this generation and traumatized by events, or sadly, are simply born with either one or both of these mental health disorders. While there can be many causes of both depression and anxiety, lets dive into the most common causes of these two mental illnesses. Beginning with depression, although there are various reasons, the most common causes are traumas, chemical imbalances or drugs. People who have witnessed or was a victim of a traumatizing event, could affect their whole life causing many flashbacks and sadness. A chemical imbalance is when there are not enough or more than enough of a chemical in your brain titled neurotransmitters. This can be treated with the right medications which takes about four to six weeks to get going and begin doing some justice to your mentality. Lastly, drugs can play a big role causing this feeling, but there is no certain drug exactly that causes depression because it is almost impossible to list the amount of drugs that is capable of doing so. The continuance and discontinuance of drugs may cause various symptoms of depression. Anxiety has many different common causes like the environmental aspects of someones life, genetics or withdrawal. Living in an environment that is toxic, unsafe or unorganized, can cause many people anxiety. This disorder may be simply passed down from generation to generation but some are most likely to be exposed to it with the right trigger. Due to medications being given by doctors to help yourself and the problems you may have, the misuse of medication, side effects or taking them only when necessary could have a huge toll on your body and very rarely, depending on the medication, cause anxiety. As stated before in the last paragraph, a chemical imbalance and the withdrawal of drugs or alcohol can cause anxiety as well. Moving onto the different types of depression, there are various amounts of names diagnosed to different people, but only some will be addressed. Major depressive disorder, well known as clinical depression, is often diagnosed when people are feeling depressed most of the time, have lack of concentration, thinking about death or possibly even suicide, lack of appetite or too much appetite, no energy, or when your routine in sleeping has changed drastically. Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that affects either your emotions or body, physically. Some symptoms may include insomnia, body aches or pain, anxiety, unable to keep organized or make decisions, and even feeling incompetent. This disorder has a higher risk of suicidal thoughts and suicide. Seasonal affective disorder usually only occurs when the weather changes in a certain season. While the weather makes its changes, people experience changes too, in weight, sleep and emotion. This is caused because there is a disruption in the normal circadian rhythm that occurs in your body. Depending on the amount of light that is able to enter the eye, this is known to impact the pattern in the body. There are several more undiscussed types of depression, these are the most common. Anxiety also has various names and different types of ways on how it appears. Generalized anxiety disorder is diagnosed when a person is feeling anxious over many things or for no reason, more than five to six days of the week, for over six months. People are usually worried about school, work, family or friends but GAD disturbs how people act and think about everything. A lot of people who are affected by this, worry more about things than necessary. For example, some may see washing the dishes as an easy task, but it is much more stressful and harder to perform when you have generalized anxiety disorder because it begins to consume your brain and body with anxiousness and an uneasy feeling. Social Anxiety is another familiar type that makes many panic when thinking about humiliation, being talked about, speaking out loud to one or many people, and can prevent others from being out in public most of the time. For some, getting out of bed and going out during the day is a huge accomp lishment due to how inferior the anxiety gets. Although many people may get nervous when speaking in front of others, this can keep them remaining at home more days than being out accomplishing everyday responsibilities. Panic disorder is very different and more extreme than most of the different types of anxiety. A person who encounters this, are unable to control this feeling which could lead to bad chest pains, muscle tensions, shaking, weakness, headaches, and shortness of breath. This is often compared to a feeling of a heart attack or as if they are about to die. Lets continue on with the one huge affect that depression and anxiety can bring, which is suicidal thoughts and suicide. There are several symptoms leading up to risks of suicide. When a person is at risk of suicide, they often push everyone out of their lives or lose their relationships with others, has been abused mentally physically or emotionally, suffering or suffered with bullying, if you have been having suicidal thoughts or know of someone who has committed suicide, or the use of drugs and large amounts of alcohol. Suicidal thoughts are often used in this generation as a joke, but some do not know what others around them are capable of doing or think it wont have any effect on anyone else. When people speak about their thoughts of suicide or thinks about ways to do it openly, never brush it off. Often many who think about suicide, divide themselves from everyone and wants to be left alone. Turning to alcohol or drugs to make themselves feel better or feel nothing, can have many impressions of attempting suicide once they are no longer using such things, as well as buying items to prepare for death. If you or anyone witness or are a victim someone who has attempted the following in the paragraph above, there are many ways to help prevent something like this from transpiring. Over 800,000 people a year die a year from suicide and over 1,000,000 attempt suicide worldwide. To prevent such from happening, there are many precautions you can take. Removing all guns, pills, drugs or any item that can be used to harm yourself should be removed immediately. There are a number of online chats or phone numbers you can use to reach out to others for help, this includes allowing them to help you and listening to what theyre saying to use in the future. Although there are many reasons that these two things can occur, there are several ways to help treat it. Starting off with the most common and helpful, therapy. Therapy can be used in two ways, either physically or mentally. Physical therapy is used to help treat injuries and get you back on your feet to be physically healthy as for mental therapy is for thoughts, feelings and helps to treat mental health disorders. While attending these appointments, people are able to master mechanisms to guide yourself into the right direction of getting healthier. All of the mechanisms they teach you work differently for different people. For example, for calming an anxiety attack, someone may think about car rides, feeling the breeze, the music, the sound of the car, staring at the moon as for someone else may.

5 Steps for Identifying People in Old Family Photographs

What Is an Adverb in English Grammar

An adverb is a  part of speech  (or  word class) thats primarily used to  modify  a  verb,  adjective, or  other adverbs and  can additionally modify  prepositional phrases,  subordinate clauses, and complete  sentences.  Put another way, adverbs are  content words  that provide information about  how, when, or where something happens. Adverbs are also called intensifiers because they intensify the meaning of the word or words they are modifying, notes Your Dictionary. An adverb that modifies an adjective—as in quite  sad—or another adverb—as in very  carelessly—appears immediately in front of the word it modifies, but one that modifies a verb is generally more flexible: It may appear before or after—as in softly  sang or sang  softly—or at the beginning of the sentence—Softly  she sang to the baby—with the position of an adverb typically affecting the meaning of the sentence. Adverbs can modify a verb or adjective in several ways, by providing information about emphasis, manner, time, place, and frequency. Adverbs of Emphasis Adverbs of emphasis  are used to give added force or a greater degree of certainty to another  word  in a  sentence  or to the sentence as a whole, for example: He certainly liked the food.She is clearly the frontrunner.Naturally, I like my chicken crispy. Other common adverbs of emphasis include  absolutely,  definitely, obviously, positively, really, simply,  and  undoubtedly. These types of adverbs serve to bolster the part of speech they modify. Adverbs of Manner Adverbs of manner indicate how something is done. They are usually placed at the end of a sentence or before the main verb, as in: Tom drives  quickly.She  slowly  opened the door.Mary waited for him  patiently. Other examples of adverbs of manner include quietly, fitfully, and carefully. Adverbs of Time Adverbs of time tell you when or at what time something is done. Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end of a sentence. They can also be used at the beginning of a sentence followed by a comma. The meeting is  next week.  Yesterday, we decided to take a walk.Ive  already  bought my tickets for the concert.   These adverbs are used with other  time expressions,  such as days of the week.  The most common adverbs of time include yet, already, yesterday, tomorrow, next week (or month or year), last week (or month or year), now, and ago. Adverbs of Place Adverbs of place indicate where something is done and usually appear at the end of a sentence, but they can also follow the verb. I decided to rest  over there.Shell wait for you in the room  downstairs.Peter walked  above  me  upstairs.   Adverbs of place can be confused with prepositional phrases such as  in the doorway  or at the shop.  Prepositional phrases indicate where something  is,  but adverbs of place can tell you where something  occurs, such as here and everywhere. Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of frequency tell you how often something is repeatedly done. They include usually, sometimes, never, often, and rarely. Adverbs of frequency are often placed directly before the main verb: She rarely goes to parties.I often read a newspaper.He usually gets up at 6 oclock. Adverbs of frequency that express infrequency are not used in the negative or question form. Sometimes, adverbs of frequency are placed at the beginning of a sentence: Sometimes, I enjoy staying at home instead of going on vacation.Often, Peter will telephone his mother before he leaves for work. Adverbs of frequency follow the verb to be: He is sometimes late for work.I am often confused by computers. Adverbs Modifying Adjectives When adverbs modify an adjective, they are placed before the adjective: She is extremely happy.They are absolutely sure. However, do not use very with adjectives to express increased quality of a basic adjective, such as fantastic: She is an absolutely fantastic piano player.Mark is an absolutely amazing lecturer. You would not say, She is very fantastic, or Mark is a very amazing lecturer. Forming Adverbs From Adjectives Adverbs are often formed by adding -ly to an adjective, such as: Beautiful beautifullyCareful carefully However, some adjectives dont change in the adverb form, such as fast and hard. Many common adverbs like  just, still, and almost  do  not  end in -ly. Good is probably the most important example. The adverb form of good is well, as in: He is good at tennis.He plays tennis well. In the first sentence, good is an adjective that modifies the pronoun he; while in the second, well is an adverb that modifies plays (explains how he plays tennis). Additionally,  not all words that end in -ly  are adverbs, such as friendly and neighborly, which are both adjectives. Distinguishing Between Adverbs and Adjectives Sometimes the same word can be both an adjective and an adverb. To distinguish between them, it is important to look at the  context  of the word and its function in a sentence.   For instance, in the sentence, The  fast  train from London to Cardiff leaves at 3 oclock, the word fast modifies and comes before a noun, train, and is, therefore, an  attributive adjective. However, in the sentence, The sprinter took the bend  fast, the word fast modifies the verb took and is, therefore, an adverb. Interestingly, -ly is not the only suffix that can be added to the end of a word to change its meaning or be used by both adjectives and adverbs. Additionally, -er and -est can combine with adverbs in a much more limited way wherein the  comparative  form of an adverb is likely to add more or most to the beginning of the adverb phrase rather than adding an -er or -est. Its important to refer to context clues when hints like the addition of an -ly or the word most to accompany a word doesnt tell you whether it is an adjective or adverb. Look to the word that is being emphasized. If the word being emphasized is a noun, you have an adjective; if the word being emphasized is a verb, you have an adverb.

How far do you agree that the main reason that Henry VIII...

How far do you agree that the main reason that Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries in England between 1536 and 1539 was that they were corrupt? At the beginning of Henry VIII’s reign in 1509, there were over 800 monasteries in England, but by 1540 the majority of these ceased to exist and all that was left of most of them was a ruin. The monasteries were rich and powerful institutions which were loyal to the Pope. From 1536 to 1539, Henry VIII, and his advisor, Thomas Cromwell wanted to close down the monasteries. There were two real reasons why Henry VIII wanted to get rid of the monasteries, firstly because he wanted access to the wealth of the monastery and he wanted the treasures of the land owned by the Church. Secondly Henry VIII†¦show more content†¦Many monasteries still believed in Catholic ways and Henry didn’t want that, he wanted the Church to be Protestant. Source B tells us that even some Protestant people were convinced the monasteries still had Catholic ways, it says, â€Å"To convinced Protestants, the monasteries were a clear reminder of the survival of catholic ideals. One of their main functions was to pray for the souls of the dead- an act that was thought unnecessary by Protestants† This suggests that Protestants thought they were praying unnecessarily. Henry VIII also wanted to change the religion in the monasteries because some of the monks and nuns were behaving so badly it was embarrassing to henry VII. This is backed up by the evidence of Source G, an extract from the Act of the Dissolution of the Lesser [smaller] Monasteries, where it reports â€Å"Manifest sin, vicious, carnel and abominable living is daily used ad committed among the little and small abbeys, priories and other religious hoses of monks, canons and nuns, and causes great (embarrassment) to the King’s highness and the realm.† I do not believe the only reason that Henry VIII wanted to dissolve the monasteries in England between 1536 and 1539 was because they were corrupt. I think Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries because of his financial and religious motives, he needed more money so he used the wealth of the monasteries and he wanted everyone in the

Time Management Within The Military - 2003 Words

Time management plays a vital role in each and every unit with the United States Army and it affects how quickly they can respond to problems when they arise. Time management encompasses just about everything in the Army. From Senior Non-Commissioned Officers (SNCO) making sure their soldiers are in the right place at the right time by tracking all their soldiers appointments and duties or the squad leaders and other Non-Commissioned Officers making sure that maintenance is being completed on time so the aircraft are ready to fly, and making sure that soldiers are ready for their flights for the day all the way down to the lower enlisted soldier making sure he or she is on time and ready to complete their day. These are the just a few of the things that time management encompasses within the military. So what is time management? Time management is a skill that needs to learned or if need be taught to every soldier within the ranks. Imagine a unit that has no time management skills. S oldiers are late for flights, they miss appointments and in turn receive article fifteens, Senior Non-Commissioned Officers are being scolded by their First Sergeants for not being able to properly track their soldiers which in turn falls downhill to the squad leaders. Maintenance isn’t completed and a majority of the fleet is down leaving only a few aircraft in an airworthy status, as the operational readiness level continues to drop, soldiers fail to complete training requirements and areShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Organizational Management During The United States Military1545 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Organizational Management in the United States Military Throughout history, the theory of what constitutes effective management practice has evolved with the changes and advances in technology and society. However, there are basic principles of each theory that have either influenced contemporary theory or are overtly used in today’s organizations. 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Prepared by: Joseph Foster Strayer University CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…2 Context of the ProblemÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..2 Statement of the ProblemÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...3 Significance of the StudyÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...4 Objectives of the StudyÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..5 Research MethodsÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Read MoreFayols 14 Principles1071 Words   |  5 PagesPRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT ARE USED IN A MILITARY ENVIRONMENT By Mark Culligan The process of coordinating and integrating work activities so that they are completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people. (Henri Fayol General and Industrial Management.(1916)) Introduction Management is a very complex field. Not only must managers pay attention to what is best for the organization, but they also have to do what is best for their customers. 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The same concept applies to this organization but on a much smaller scale. Movies Under the Stars utilizes a serial method of communication for communicating upward; where information is passed up the chain until it reaches the final level (Aamodt, 2014). Since the company is smallRead MoreCase Study : Greening Of Management1336 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 11: â€Å"Greening of Management† The concept of â€Å"greening of management,† describes the actions taken by managers of all levels within organizations to align their interests with environmentally-friendly interests. More specifically, it is the practice of implementing ecosystem-friendly practices in their everyday management decisions. A prime example of â€Å"green management,† can be found through the â€Å"khaki conservation† of the United Kingdom military. The UK military has utilized â€Å"recycling (practices)

Tourism Marketing and Tour Operator Free Essays

In the tourism industry, travel agents, tour operators etc. are considered the intermediaries (distributors). Their main task is to bring buyers and sellers in the field together and reduce transaction and supply/ownership costs between buyer and seller, instead of completely eliminating an intermediary (such as a distributor). We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism: Marketing and Tour Operator or any similar topic only for you Order Now Benefits of Tourism Intermediaries? For the producer: * they are able to sell in bulk (for example: hotels) and might be able to transfer a certain risk to the * tour operator depending on the contracts made * reduce promotion costs For the Consumer: * avoids search and transaction costs (by purchasing inclusive tour) * gain from specialist knowledge of tour operator * often gain most from lower prices Disadvantages of Tourism Intermediaries? The use of intermediaries by producers, such as hotels, will result in the loss of margins and in the loss of influence in the distribution process. ?For the consumer choice may be reduced and prices increase, especially with the further concentration and consolidation of tourism intermediaries. 1. 2 Integration, consolidation and concentration The term integration is an economic concept to describe formal linking arrangements between one organisation and another. (Cooper – Fletcher 2005) Horizontal integration? This occurs when two tour operator or two travel agents amalgamate, either through merger or takeover. The main reason is to ensure the extended geographical spread of outlets to ensure representation in al regions ? Vertical integration? A certain linking occurs along the production process. For example airlines establish their own tour operating company (British Airways. But the most common form of vertical integration within tourism intermediaries is when a wholesaler/ tour operator purchase or merge with a travel agency chain. ?One good example of wide range of integrated activities is the French conglomerate Groupe Accor: 3. 4 Integration strategies as means of expansion strategies Tour wholesaler or tour operator can strengthen their market position by integration. Integration takes place whencompanies merge or one company buys another. As it was outlined in Chapter 1 already, there are two main forms of integration: 1. Vertical integration It takes place when two companies of different levels on the distribution chain merge. Examples could be, when a supplier merges with a wholesaler/tour operator or a tour wholesaler merges with a retail agent.? We speak of backward vertical integration, when a wholesaler merges with or buys an airline or with a hotel. With this move a greater control over the source of supply is desired. ?We speak of forward vertical integration, when a tour wholesaler merges or buys a travel agency. In this case greater control over the distribution network is wanted.? Lubbe 2000) 2. Horizontal integration It means that tour wholesalers/ tour operator merges on the same level of distribution. For example a tour wholesaler buys another tour wholesaler to improve their market share and reduce competition. In general, horizontal integration always leads to economics of scale, in functions such as human resources, purchasing, and thus to cost savings and price reductions. Through co st savings an organisation may become more cost effective, allowing them to develop a better range of products and to achieve better quality control.? (Lubbe 2000) How to cite Tourism: Marketing and Tour Operator, Papers

Down Syndrome Report Essay Example For Students

Down Syndrome Report Essay Down Syndrome Report Essay by: SCHOOL SUX The chromosomal abnormality involved in most cases of Down syndrome is trisomy-21, or the presence of three copies of the 21st chromosome. As a result, the affected person has 47 chromosomes in all body cells instead of the normal 46, although how this causes the conditions symptoms is not yet known. Scientists assume that the reason for the abnormal chromosomal assortment is the fertilization of an ovum having 24 chromosomes by a sperm with a normal assortment of 23, but they have also found that the sperm can carry the extra chromosome as well. The abnormal ovum or sperm is derived from a germ cell in which the pair of 21st chromosomes holds together and passes into the same sperm or ovum instead of separating. In the type of Down syndrome called translocation, the extra chromosome 21 material is attached to one of the other chromosomes; when some, but not all, of the bodys cells carry an extra chromosome 21, the condition is a type of Down syndrome called mosaicism. We will write a custom essay on Down Syndrome Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Because of the extra chromosome 21, children with Down syndrome often have some characteristic physical features, such as a small head, a flat face, slightly upward slanted eyelids, skin folds at the inner corners of the eyes, small nose and mouth, and small hands and feet. Most of these characteristic do not interfere with the childs functioning, a doctor primarily uses the characteristics for diagnostic purposes. These physical features are variable, and children with Down syndrome are usually more like other children than they are different. Individuals with Down syndrome also often have certain medical conditions such as weak muscles, neurological impairments, heart disease, intestinal abnormalities, poorly functioning thyroid gland, eye abnormalities, hearing problems, and skeletal problems. Almost all children with Down syndrome are mentally retarded, in the mild to moderate range. The degree of mental retardation varies considerably. Through medical treatment the disorders and infections accompanying Down syndrome have no effect on an almost normal life span. The overall incidence of Down syndrome is approximately one in 700 births, but the risk varies with the age of the mother. The incidence of Down syndrome in children born to 25-year-old mothers is approximately 1 in 1200; the risk increases to approximately 1 in 350 for 35-year-olds and approximately 1 in 120 for women older than 40 years. Prenatal tests can be used to detect chromosome abnormality causing Down syndrome. SOURCES 1) Down Syndrome, Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 96 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. (c) Funk Wagnalls Corporation. All rights reserved. 2) Down Syndrome, Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreaming. Science . Down Syndrome Report Essay Example For Students Down Syndrome Report Essay by: SCHOOL SUX The chromosomal abnormality involved in most cases of Down syndrome is trisomy-21, or the presence of three copies of the 21st chromosome. As a result, the affected person has 47 chromosomes in all body cells instead of the normal 46, although how this causes the conditions symptoms is not yet known. Scientists assume that the reason for the abnormal chromosomal assortment is the fertilization of an ovum having 24 chromosomes by a sperm with a normal assortment of 23, but they have also found that the sperm can carry the extra chromosome as well. The abnormal ovum or sperm is derived from a germ cell in which the pair of 21st chromosomes holds together and passes into the same sperm or ovum instead of separating. In the type of Down syndrome called translocation, the extra chromosome 21 material is attached to one of the other chromosomes; when some, but not all, of the bodys cells carry an extra chromosome 21, the condition is a type of Down syndrome called mosaicism. We will write a custom essay on Down Syndrome Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Because of the extra chromosome 21, children with Down syndrome often have some characteristic physical features, such as a small head, a flat face, slightly upward slanted eyelids, skin folds at the inner corners of the eyes, small nose and mouth, and small hands and feet. Most of these characteristic do not interfere with the childs functioning, a doctor primarily uses the characteristics for diagnostic purposes. These physical features are variable, and children with Down syndrome are usually more like other children than they are different. Individuals with Down syndrome also often have certain medical conditions such as weak muscles, neurological impairments, heart disease, intestinal abnormalities, poorly functioning thyroid gland, eye abnormalities, hearing problems, and skeletal problems. Almost all children with Down syndrome are mentally retarded, in the mild to moderate range. The degree of mental retardation varies considerably. Through medical treatment the disorders and infections accompanying Down syndrome have no effect on an almost normal life span. The overall incidence of Down syndrome is approximately one in 700 births, but the risk varies with the age of the mother. The incidence of Down syndrome in children born to 25-year-old mothers is approximately 1 in 1200; the risk increases to approximately 1 in 350 for 35-year-olds and approximately 1 in 120 for women older than 40 years. Prenatal tests can be used to detect chromosome abnormality causing Down syndrome. SOURCES 1) Down Syndrome, Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 96 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. (c) Funk Wagnalls Corporation. All rights reserved. 2) Down Syndrome, Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreaming. Category: Science . Down Syndrome Report Essay Example For Students Down Syndrome Report Essay Down Syndrome Report Essay by: SCHOOL SUX The chromosomal abnormality involved in most cases of Down syndrome is trisomy-21, or the presence of three copies of the 21st chromosome. As a result, the affected person has 47 chromosomes in all body cells instead of the normal 46, although how this causes the conditions symptoms is not yet known. Scientists assume that the reason for the abnormal chromosomal assortment is the fertilization of an ovum having 24 chromosomes by a sperm with a normal assortment of 23, but they have also found that the sperm can carry the extra chromosome as well. The abnormal ovum or sperm is derived from a germ cell in which the pair of 21st chromosomes holds together and passes into the same sperm or ovum instead of separating. In the type of Down syndrome called translocation, the extra chromosome 21 material is attached to one of the other chromosomes; when some, but not all, of the bodys cells carry an extra chromosome 21, the condition is a type of Down syndrome called mosaicism. We will write a custom essay on Down Syndrome Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Because of the extra chromosome 21, children with Down syndrome often have some characteristic physical features, such as a small head, a flat face, slightly upward slanted eyelids, skin folds at the inner corners of the eyes, small nose and mouth, and small hands and feet. Most of these characteristic do not interfere with the childs functioning, a doctor primarily uses the characteristics for diagnostic purposes. These physical features are variable, and children with Down syndrome are usually more like other children than they are different. Individuals with Down syndrome also often have certain medical conditions such as weak muscles, neurological impairments, heart disease, intestinal abnormalities, poorly functioning thyroid gland, eye abnormalities, hearing problems, and skeletal problems. Almost all children with Down syndrome are mentally retarded, in the mild to moderate range. The degree of mental retardation varies considerably. Through medical treatment the disorders and infections accompanying Down syndrome have no effect on an almost normal life span. The overall incidence of Down syndrome is approximately one in 700 births, but the risk varies with the age of the mother. The incidence of Down syndrome in children born to 25-year-old mothers is approximately 1 in 1200; the risk increases to approximately 1 in 350 for 35-year-olds and approximately 1 in 120 for women older than 40 years. Prenatal tests can be used to detect chromosome abnormality causing Down syndrome. SOURCES 1) Down Syndrome, Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 96 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. (c) Funk Wagnalls Corporation. All rights reserved. 2) Down Syndrome, Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreaming. .