Freud, Adler and Jung: Founders of Psychoanalytic Research Essay

groundwork There are three well- loven influential thinkers who are considered to be pi unmatcheders in the field of psychology. It could be argued that without . , the emergence of psychology as we know it might not shit ever happened, at least in its present form. Freud is considered by his modern-day counterparts to be the founding father of uninflected psychology, as he is the first to catch come up with an albeit rudimentary, just now nevertheless valuable model of the human psyche.Prior to his groundbreaking work, the temper of human brain was largely turn overd and theorized by medical doctors and theologians. Then thither is Adler, (who was the first to contribute suggested the societal impact on emotions and thought processes and vice-versa, literary argument that consciousness and culture have what could be termed as a symbiotic relationship. He emphasized, as well as, the importance of self-consciousness and was the first to say that without a brawny self-este em, an individual would develop an inferiority/ bannerity convoluted which would in frolic affect many aspects of life. run but not least, Carl Jung, who was a consider colleague of Freud in his earlier years, focused on the spiritual aspects of consciousness and sawing machine the value it played on thoughts and emotions. We willing explore in this paper the usualalities between these founding fathers of psychology as well as their differences, and explore the strengths in their theories as well as the weaknesses. By accord the founders of this real subjective field of scientific thought, we strike out gain a better picture of how psychology has evolved over the years and apply it to our bear research and studies. Sigmund FreudAccording to Freudian scheme, the consciousness is composed of three opposing forces the id, the ego, and the superego. The id (Freud used the German term Das es) which consists of our instinct-driven behavior. Governed by what he termed the mer riment prescript, It is largely pleasure-seeking when we are hungry, we seek to obtain relief from these feelings by eating. Because the id is a self-gratifying drive, it digest, agree to Freud, cause problems if left unchecked, since the person would have abruptly no self-control and wouldnt be able to exercise the self-renunciation necessary to function in society.In accordance with what Freud calls The Reality Principle, The ego (das ich) copes with the limitations of reality by putting into place coping mechanisms when atomic number 53s basest needs cannot be fulfilled. For instance, it is the ego which represses the needs of the id by wake up early for work when the id tells us to sleep in late. The Superego (uber ich) tries to overtop over the ego and id with clean-living principles which are both conscious and unconscious. It can be described as ones religious convictions and moral principles.The Superego can override the ego and id when something must be done for th e greater good, i.e. for moral reasons. An different Fundamental element of Freudian theory is his items of psychosexual development, which categorizes each stage as followsThe oral stage where a child seeks comfort from suckling, the anal stage where the child is toilet-trained, the phallic stage where a childs awareness of a penis (or escape on that pointof) plays a pivotal use in early development, the latent period, and howevertually the genital stage. In each of these stages (aside from the latent stage where it is believed no crucial psychosexual development takes place) if there is a disturbance in blueprint development, a fixation can occur.For instance, if a child is weaned from breastfeeding too early, he or she can have an oral fixation which would transparent itself as nail-biting or smoking later in life. Last but not least, Freud was the first to propose that when we face situations we cannot emotionally handle, we have certain defense mechanisms such as repre ssion, suppression, denial, displacement, sublimation, intellectualization, and rationalization, regression, and reaction formation. These mechanisms can be considered normal, especially during grieving periods.Much later, Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross made shock and denial one of the first stages of the grieving process, and it has been well-documented that denial can be very special K if not normal as long as it doesnt require permanent. Defense mechanisms can become very unhealthy if they dont eventually give way to directly coping with the emotions which are world denied or repressed. These defense mechanisms, in their most extreme forms can be very difficult to take in for those who havent shared the afore verbalize(prenominal) experience.For example, it is very mathematical for a woman to be so heavyset in denial of a pregnancy that she will continue to fall up until the time of delivery. She could to a fault attribute the normal symptoms of pregnancy with other possible ex planations, i. e. morning sickness being stomach flu and the rapes kicks being gas. A typical example of displacement can be seen with people who abuse animals or children. If a person feels they cannot evince anger or aggression to a parent or monumental other for fear of repercussions, they will channel the anger and direct it to the family caress or their child, who cannot fight back.Regression can be another common defense mechanism, and it usually happens when an individual is overwhelmed with anxiety and feels they cannot directly face the source of their emotions. A very common scenario is for an adult to remain in bed all day and sleep to avoid painful feelings shortly subsequently a loved-one dies. Another example is when a child is afraid to discover school because of a bully, and becomes extremely clingy with the parent when he or she was very independent prior to the problem. Carl Jung.Jung and Freud became friends in 1906, later on Freud had read some of Jungs w ritings and invited him for a meeting in Zurich. Their first conversation was said to have lasted for 13 hours, with the two men exchanging ideas and elaborating on their theories. Freud saw Jung as somewhat of a protege, referring to Jung as his crown prince and successor. Their correspondence and knowledge lasted six years, but Jung eventually express dissent with Freud over the role the unconscious mind played in human behavior.While Freud saw the unconscious as somewhat of a repository of repressed memories which could be manifested unbeknownst to the conscious mind, Jung believed that the ability to tap into the unconscious mind was possible and could contribute to emotional well-being. And while he agreed that it was important to understand past trauma and its influence on present behavior, he as well believed that the future didnt necessarily need to be determined by such things. The role spirituality played in his psychoanalytic theories as well as made him a pioneer in his own rite, though it was never something he and Freud could agree upon. Alfred Adler.Alfred Adler was likewise a contemporary of Dr. Freud and even coupled his analytic society in 1902. By 1911 however, he too expressed dissent with many of Freuds opinions and left to form his own society, the fellowship for Free Psychoanalytic seek. It can be reiterated that while he agreed with Freud that psycho-social development could be affected by influential factors commencement early in life, he came up with theories of his own which contrasted with those of his colleague. For instance, he believed that a child feels inherently weak around his or her elders, and strives to become superior to them throughout the course of early life.This term, known as striving for superiority, states that if the need for personal accomplishment and success is not met, an inferiority complex can develop, causing many other problems later on. He also proposed the theory that birth order plays a crucial role in emotional development. For example, he stated that an oldest child has it the worst, as he or she starts off having both parents unlimited attention and time. Later on after other siblings are born, an oldest child isnt given the same metre of attention and is left to wonder why.Childhood neglect and abuse also have a profound impact on psychosocial development according to Adler, and numerous case studies continue to arise which prove his theory to be valid even today. Conclusion While many of the theories of Freud, Adler and Jung have been all dispelled or refined by case studies and discoveries in the field of neuroscientific research, there is no doubt they were pioneers in the field of psychology. Freuds concepts of defense mechanisms have withstood the test of time even though his theories of psychosexual development have been outmoded, and Jungian psychoanalysis is still relevant today.Adlers views on self-esteem and childhood development have been verified by clini cal research, even if some of the finer points of his research had been discarded. While there is continued debate and new findings which will always create dissent and result in new discoveries related to psychology, it is certain that the work of these three early founders will remain significant for decades to come. References Jungian Analysis Frequently Asked Questions, New York necktie for Analytical Psychology http//www. nyaap. org/about-jungian-analysis5 Friedman, Howard S.and Schustack, Miriam W. Personality Classic Theories and Modern Research Fifth Edition retrieved 1/23/2013 Heffner, Christopher Psychoanalytic Theory (http//allpsych. com/personalitysynopsis/index. html) promulgated August 21, 2012 retrieved 1/23/2013 Adler,A. , & Fleisher, L. , (1988, December) The Childs Inner intent and a Sense of Community. Individual Psychology The Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research & intrust Vol. 44(4), p. 417. Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed. ). Ho boken, NJ Wiley.