Alexander Graham Bell biography

Alexander Graham toll, was the inventor of the telephone. Bell was born in Edinburgh on 3 marchland 1847. He was the son of Melville, a speech and elocution teacher who developed the first International Phonetic alphabet and Eliza, who was deaf from the age of five. Bell was the only child to survive into adulthood, with his younger and elder brothers, Ted and Melly, dying of tuberculosis. These biographic facts foretell the strong determine, personality and determination of the man destined to radically change the preferred stylus of long distance communications to voice, and thus transform virtually all aspects of modern life.Bell developed a passion for communication from a young age. He was to become an extraordinary man with a aery understanding of its power and potential. Educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London, Bell immigrated to the US in 1870. In his twenties, he denounce ab break through developing a multiple telegraph that could send several Morse code m essages. In 1872, Bell started attending MITs all overt lectures on experimental mechanics, including one in October by professor Charles R. queer that began a long, fruitful collaboration.At the talk, Cross demonstrated a device invented by his colleague Edward C. Pickering, who thus chaired MITs physics department. At the time of Crosss lecture, MIT (which had been incorporated in 1861 on the capital of Massachu even outts fount of the Charles River) had recently blossom forthed the Rogers Laboratory of Physics in a new building on Boylston Street. The facility was the first of its kind in the United States, a well-outfitted conk outing laboratory that allowed students to conduct experiments illustrating the bodily laws they learned about in class.Of particular interest to Bell, the new laboratory had an impressive watch of equipment analogous to that used in the path rupture work of Hermann von Helmholtz, one of the worlds leading acoustical researchers. In 1873, Bell accepted a position as a professor of vocal physiology and elocution at the fledgling capital of Massachusetts University (which had been chartered in 1869). The post drew him into even closer contact with Bostons scientific community, affording him the chance to get better acquainted with Professor Cross, who would eventually succeed Pickering as chair of MITs physics department.In April 1874, after Bell addressed MIT students and faculty about his acoustical studies and his turn in orts to teach the deaf to speak, Crossapparently impressedgranted him unfettered access to the plants facilities for his further research. Bell seized the opportunity. Of course, Bell won his patent claim as the sole inventor of the telephone, and public knowledge about the contri plainlyions of others mostly faded into oblivion.The legion(predicate) surviving primary documents from the period, however, leave humble inquiry of the important supporting role that Cross and the Rogers Laboratory play ed in helping Bell succeed vital, detailed, and often hands-on knowledge about the cutting-edge work of others in the field, including Pickering, Helmholtz, Reis, and Elisha Gray, the inventor whose path breaking send off for a liquid transmitter Bell seems to have appropriated to make his world-famous call to Watson. Many eld afterward, with Bells legal claim to the telephone long since secured, he publicly acknowledged Crosss contribution.Bell told the crowd of 1,500 assembled at Symphony Hall for MITs 50th-anniversary galaand more than 5,000 alumni and guests who were listening in by phone at Alumni Association gatherings across the countrythat Cross had not only make many advances in the telephone itself but inspired many students to go forth from the Institute to holy the work. On 7 March 1876, Bell patented the telephone (Patent 174,465) at the tender age of 29. On March 10, 1876, Bell supposedly knocked over the battery acid he and Watson were using as transmit liquid for early telephone tests, and shouted, Mr.Watson, come here I want you. Watson, working in the future(a) room, heard Bells voice through the wire. Bell introduced the telephone to the world at the centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876. In 1877, Bell formed the Bell Telephone community. He afterwards sued Western Union over patent infringement of his telephone copyright, and won. In the 1880s, Bell used his big fortune to establish research laboratories to work with deaf flock. Helen Keller was among his many students.Bell, though, was able to translate his surpassing look ons into his private life. He lobbied the cause of deaf wad and to establish day informs for them throughout the US. When he set out on this challenge, only 40 per cent of deaf children were taught to speak. At the time of his death in 1922 the figure was 80 per cent testimony enough in itself to his leading qualities. Like all exceptional leaders, Bell made himself accessible to all. He enco uraged one family the Kellers to educate their little girl Helen, who was deaf.She later attended the Boston Museum of fine arts and became a highly successful commercial artist. Employers today mass learn much from Bells great achievements nurture ideas, encourage innovation and pursue developments, however radical they readiness seem at the time. Likewise, there remains a need today for companies to accept and foster their tie in and social responsibilities within the communities in which they operate and beyond. Bell proved that leaders and business can piddle the circumstances to improve our quality of life.In researching this article, I have grown to respect the great depth and leadership qualities of Alexander Graham Bell, a hugely successful entrepreneur and a great humanitarian. While telephones, fax, mobiles, text edition messaging, and the corresponding may sometimes drive you mad, they have undoubtedly revolutionised the world for the better, and it can all be tr aced back to the leadership and vision of one man. Bell is the greatest creator ever of shareholder value and an inspirational figure for the to the cause of the children of a littleer God it must earn him the title of great Briton in Management and Leadership.Other Bell inventions include an electric probe, a device used to resolve bullets and other metal objects in the human body, and the vacuum jacket, which when placed around the chest, administered artificial respiration. Hes also credited with inventions related to the iron lung and triangular aircraft wings. In 1898, Bell became the president of National geographic because he believed that geography could be taught through pictures. Bells fascination with aeronautics led to his hydrodrome boat, a vessel that traveled above the water at high speeds.The hydrodrome reached speeds in excess of 70 mph, and for many years was the fastest boat in the world. Bell died August 2, 1922, in Nova Scotia, Canada But unlike so many grea t pioneers and inventors, Bell followed through, visualizing the future and realizing the potential of his precious invention. Shortly after the invention of the telephone, Bell had told his father The day is coming when telegraph wires will be laid on to houses, just like water or gas and friends will converse with each other without leaving home. How right he was.Remember this prediction was at a time when the telephone was in its infancy and its full potential was further from recognized. Bells invention changed for good the way people live their lives. Telephones and telephone lines have enabled us to network planetary companies via computers, make transactions electronically, or simply talk to our loved ones to let them know all is well, wheresoever in the world we might be at the time. The telephone is not only capable of infection voice, but also of transmitting emotion and, therefore, allows us to communicate not only what we are sentiment but how we feel.In a stroke of genius, Bell shrank the world and transformed the lives of the citizens of his country of birth and education, Great Britain, and, indeed, the lives of people around the world. Like many great people, Bell appeared to benefit from luck and skill in personify measure, and it was while he was trying to develop multiple morse code that he stumbled on the belief that speech could be reproduced through sound waves in a continuous undulating current. This truly brilliant find is the principle behind the telephone.Steven capital of Minnesota Jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955 to two university students, Joanne Carole Schieble and Syrian-born Abdulfattah John Jandali (Arabic ), who were both undivided at the time. 32 Jandali, who was teaching in Wisconsin when Steve was born in 1955, said he had no choice but to put the baby up for adoption because his girlfriends family objected to their relationship. 33 The baby was select at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (19221993) and Clara Jobs (19241986), an Armenian-American3 whose maiden name was Hagopian. 34 Later, when asked about his adoptive parents, Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs were my parents. 35 He stated in his accredited biography that they were my parents 1,000%. 36 Unknown to him, his biological parents would subsequently marry (December 1955), have a second child Mona Simpson in 1957, and divorce in 1962. 36 The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California when Steve was five years old. 12 The parents later adopted a daughter, Patti.Paul was a machinist for a company that made lasers, and taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands. 1 The father showed Steve how to work on electronics in the family garage, demonstrating to his son how to take apart and rebuild electronics such as radios and televisions. As a result, Steve became interested in and developed a hobby of technical tinkering. 37 Clara was an accountant35 who tau ght him to read before he went to school. 1 Clara Jobs had been a payroll clerk for Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech firms in what became known as Silicon Valley. 38 Jobs was an sharp and innovative thinker, but his youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. At Monta Loma Elementary school in Mountain View, he was a prankster whose fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested so well, however, that administrators valued to skip him ahead to high schoola proposal his parents declined. 39 Jobs then attended Cupertino Junior exalted and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California. 2 At Homestead, Jobs became friends with Bill Fernandez, a neighbor who shared the analogous interests in electronics.Fernandez introduced Jobs to another, older computer whiz kid, Stephen Wozniak (also known as Woz). In 1969 Woz started building a little computer board with Fernandez that they named The Cream Soda Computer, which they showed to Jobs he se emed really interested. 40 Jobs frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was later hired there, working with Wozniak as a summer employee. 41 Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Reed was an expensive college which Paul and Clara could ill afford.They were outgo much of their life savings on their sons higher education. 40 Jobs dropped out of college after cardinal months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes. 42 He continued auditing classes at Reed while sleeping on the floor in friends dorm rooms, returning Coke bottles for aliment money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple. 43 Jobs later said, If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fontsSteve Jobs introduced in 1988, was an even more expensive marvel of hardware and software design it at-tracted even fewer customers. Today, Windows running on Intel-compatible chips remains the most common software programme for per-sonal computers (though cellphones far outsell PCs and have become the dominant mode of computing). But Mi-crosoft has introduced only incremen-tal innovations, following the path set by the Macintosh more than 25 years ago. And mechanical man-based smartphones and tablets, which rely on Google s free and open operating system, follow the lead of the iPhone and the iPad.My point is that Microsoft, Intel, and Google have taken the usual route to platform leadership, with inexpen-sive or free products, relatively open viewpoints interfaces, and extensive efforts to cul-tivate a broad ecosystem of partners. But Jobs and Apple have shown us an-other path to platform leadership, and not just for a niche product segment Design breakthrough products that set new standards for form, function, and aesthetics market them creatively and ag gressively, with some modest reduc-tions in price over time open them up gradually as industrywide platforms, and let the chips fall where they may.Jobs wanted Apple to bring on computers that would be as elegant and simple to use as a type-writer or even a toaster. Now, looking back, we can see that every product Jobs championed, whether or not it succeed-ed commercially, set new standards for aesthetics as well as utility, such as in ease-of-use or handling graphics and multimedia. What stands out most to me are the ultra-simple, intuitive user interfaces of the Macintosh (GUI plus mouse, albeit invented earlier at the Stanford Research Institute and Xerox PARC) and then the iPod s clickwheel and the iPhone and iPad touchscreens.Today s PCs, digital media players, smartphones, and tablets based on Windows or even Android are as good as they are only because of how much Steve Jobs and Apple raised the eject for everyone. Charisma and Leadership In the 1996 PBS documentary, Tri-um ph of the Nerds, Larry Tesler, who used to work at Apple, discussed how Steve Jobs was able to inspire people to surpass what even they believed they could accomplish. He would never settle for anything less than someone s absolutely stovepipe effort, and then some.That is how Jobs raised the bar for the Macintosh project whose competi-tion was the character-based IBM PC and compatibles and many products since then, most recently the iPad. As Steve Jobs moved forward in his career, he also brought related but formerly distinct technologies and businesses together. In fact, he felt compelled to shed the historic Apple Computer name in 2007 in favor of Apple, Inc. to reflect the broader set of aspirations that he and the company had adopted.It is instructive again to compare Jobs and Apple with gate and Microsoft. Gates main entrepreneurial legacy has been to create a mass-mar-ket software products company that continues to print money and ex-ploit those remarkable gross margins of packaged software , Jobs solved an extremely vexing problem for the industry and for consumers how to price digital content in the form of music, video clips, movies, and TV pro-grams. This innovation in digital servic-es is no less profound than Steve Jobs innovations in consumer products. he master Strategist Early observers of Jobs and Apple, in-cluding myself, underestimated his ability to master the business side of technology. Clearly, over time, Jobs got better at this much better perhaps as the world caught up to what he was trying to do. Two incidents stand out. First, when he rejoined Apple in 1996, the firm was practically bankrupt, with only a few months of cash left. But Jobs got a $150 million investment from archrival Microsoft as well as a commitment from Bill Gates that Microsoft would continue to produce Office for the Mac.This agreement was critical to hold up the Macintosh business, then the only real source of revenue for Apple. Second, in 2005, Jobs abandoned his 20-year commitment to the Motorola micro-processor and adopted archrival Intel s technology. This move helped bridge the growing cost-performance gap with Windows PCs, and enabled the Macin-tosh to continue as a second platform that was also much more interoperable with the Windows world.